Tawaf and Sa’i Procedure: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Tawaf and Sa’i are two of the essential rituals performed during the Islamic pilgrimages of Hajj and Umrah. These acts symbolize the physical and spiritual journey of a believer in their devotion to Allah. Tawaf involves circumambulating the Kaaba in the Sacred Mosque of Mecca, while Sa’i consists of walking between the hills of Safa and Marwah. Both rituals are deeply rooted in Islamic history, with profound spiritual significance. This guide provides a detailed overview of the procedures for Tawaf and Sa’i, their significance, and the etiquette to be observed during these sacred acts.

The Significance of Tawaf

Tawaf, which means “to walk around,” is one of the most critical rites in Hajj and Umrah. It involves circling the Kaaba seven times in a counterclockwise direction, with the Kaaba on the left side of the pilgrim. The Kaaba is the most sacred site in Islam, believed to be the first house of worship built for the One True God by Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son, Ismail.

Performing Tawaf symbolizes the unity of the believers in the worship of the One God, as they move in harmony around the central point of their faith. It also represents the journey of life, the continuous movement toward Allah, and the reminder that God is at the center of existence.

Types of Tawaf

There are several types of Tawaf, each with its specific purpose:

1. Tawaf al-Qudum (Tawaf of Arrival): This is performed by those who are performing Hajj al-Ifrad or Hajj al-Qiran upon their arrival in Mecca. It is a Sunnah, but highly recommended.
2. Tawaf al-Umrah: This Tawaf is an integral part of the Umrah ritual. It is mandatory and must be performed by anyone undertaking Umrah.
3. Tawaf al-Ifadah (Tawaf of Hajj): This is an obligatory Tawaf performed by pilgrims after the Day of Arafat during Hajj. It is also known as Tawaf al-Ziyarah.
4. Tawaf al-Wada (Farewell Tawaf): This is a mandatory Tawaf performed by pilgrims before leaving Mecca. It is a farewell gesture to the Sacred House of Allah.
5. Tawaf al-Nafl (Voluntary Tawaf): Pilgrims can perform this Tawaf at any time as a voluntary act of worship.

Procedure for Performing Tawaf

1. Preparation for Tawaf

• Entering the State of Ihram: Before performing Tawaf during Hajj or Umrah, pilgrims must be in a state of Ihram, a sacred state of purity and devotion.
• Niyyah (Intention): Before starting Tawaf, pilgrims should make the intention (Niyyah) in their heart. The intention should be sincere, solely for the sake of Allah.
• Istilam (Salutation of the Black Stone): The Tawaf begins at the corner of the Kaaba where the Black Stone (Hajr al-Aswad) is situated. Pilgrims should face the Black Stone, raise their hands as in prayer, and say “Bismillah, Allahu Akbar” (In the name of Allah, Allah is the Greatest). If possible, they should kiss the Black Stone or touch it, but if it’s crowded, they can gesture towards it from a distance.

2. The Seven Circuits

• Direction and Movement: Pilgrims should move counterclockwise around the Kaaba, keeping it to their left. Each circuit starts and ends at the Black Stone. The movement should be calm and dignified, reflecting the spirituality of the act.
• Recitation of Duas: While performing Tawaf, there are no specific Duas prescribed, so pilgrims can recite any supplications, Quranic verses, or prayers that

come to their heart. Some choose to repeat the famous prayer: “Rabbana atina fid-dunya hasanatan wa fil-akhirati hasanatan wa qina ‘adhaban-nar” (Our Lord, give us in this world [that which is] good and in the Hereafter [that which is] good and protect us from the punishment of the Fire). The important thing is to remain focused on worship and maintain the sanctity of the ritual.

• Multazam: The area between the Black Stone and the door of the Kaaba is called the Multazam. After completing the first circuit, many pilgrims try to get close to this area to make personal supplications, as it is believed to be a place where prayers are answered.
• Ramal (Fast Walking): For men, during the first three circuits of Tawaf, it is Sunnah (recommended) to perform Ramal, which involves walking briskly with short steps while slightly raising the shoulders. This practice symbolizes strength and vigor and is a tradition dating back to the time of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Idtiba (Uncovering the Right Shoulder): For men, during Tawaf, it is also Sunnah to uncover the right shoulder by passing the upper cloth of the Ihram (Rida) under the right arm and over the left shoulder. This practice is called Idtiba and is specific to Tawaf.

3. Completing Tawaf

• Completion of the Seven Circuits: After completing the seven circuits, the pilgrim should again face the Black Stone and repeat the Istilam as done at the beginning of Tawaf. This signifies the completion of the ritual.
• Praying Two Rakat at Maqam Ibrahim: After completing Tawaf, it is Sunnah to pray two units (Rakat) of Salah behind Maqam Ibrahim (the Station of Ibrahim), which is a glass enclosure containing the footprints of Prophet Ibrahim. If it is too crowded, the prayer can be performed anywhere in the mosque.
• Drinking Zamzam Water: After performing the two Rakat, pilgrims should drink Zamzam water, which is available in dispensers throughout the mosque. Drinking Zamzam is highly recommended, as the water is believed to have special blessings.
• Sa’i (If performing Umrah): After completing Tawaf during Umrah, the pilgrim proceeds directly to perform Sa’i, the next significant ritual.

The Significance of Sa’i

Sa’i commemorates the desperate search for water by Hajar (Hagar), the wife of Prophet Ibrahim, for her infant son Ismail in the barren desert. This search took place between the hills of Safa and Marwah, and by divine intervention, the spring of Zamzam was revealed. Sa’i is performed to honor this struggle and Allah’s mercy.

The act of Sa’i is a powerful reminder of trust in Allah, patience in the face of hardship, and the rewards that come from perseverance and faith. It is also a representation of the trials that believers face in their lives and their reliance on Allah for sustenance and support.

Procedure for Performing Sa’i

1. Preparation for Sa’i

• Starting at Safa: After completing Tawaf and the associated rituals, pilgrims move towards Safa to begin Sa’i. Before starting, it is recommended to recite the verse from the Quran: “Indeed, Safa and Marwah are among the symbols of Allah” (Quran 2:158).
• Facing the Kaaba: Upon reaching Safa, pilgrims should face the Kaaba, raise their hands in supplication, and make their intention to perform Sa’i for the sake of Allah. They may also recite “Allahu Akbar” (Allah is the Greatest) three times.

2. The Seven Circuits

• Walking from Safa to Marwah: The pilgrim starts walking from Safa to Marwah, which counts as one circuit. This walk represents Hajar’s journey and her unwavering faith in Allah. The distance between Safa and Marwah is approximately 450 meters (1,480 feet).
• Green Light Markers: Between Safa and Marwah, there are two green light markers indicating the area known as Al-Mas’a, where Hajar ran in search of water. Men are encouraged to run or walk briskly between these markers, while women continue to walk at a normal pace.
• Reciting Duas and Supplications: Throughout Sa’i, there are no specific supplications required, so pilgrims can recite any prayers or verses that resonate with them. The focus should be on remembering Allah and reflecting on Hajar’s sacrifice and faith.
• Reaching Marwah: Upon reaching Marwah, the pilgrim turns to face the Kaaba, raises their hands in supplication, and praises Allah. This marks the completion of one circuit. The pilgrim then returns to Safa to begin the next circuit.
• Completing the Seven Circuits: Sa’i consists of seven circuits, each starting at Safa and ending at Marwah. The seventh circuit concludes at Marwah.

3. Completion of Sa’i

• Final Supplication: After completing the seventh circuit, the pilgrim should make a final supplication, asking Allah for forgiveness, guidance, and blessings. This is a moment for personal reflection and spiritual connection.
• Cutting or Shaving the Hair: For men, it is recommended to shave the head completely (Halq) as a sign of humility and devotion. If a man prefers, he can shorten the hair (Qasr) instead. Women are only required to cut a small portion of their hair, about the length of a fingertip.
• Exiting Ihram: After completing Sa’i and cutting the hair, the pilgrim exits the state of Ihram, marking the end of the Umrah rituals. The pilgrim can now change into regular clothing and resume normal activities.

Spiritual and Practical Tips for Tawaf and Sa’i

1. Spiritual Focus: Tawaf and Sa’i are deeply spiritual acts that require concentration and sincerity. Pilgrims should use this time to reflect on their relationship with Allah, seek forgiveness, and make personal supplications. It is a unique opportunity for spiritual renewal.
2. Patience and Humility: The pilgrimage is physically demanding and requires patience, especially in crowded conditions. Pilgrims should remain calm, avoid arguments or conflicts, and maintain a spirit of humility throughout the rituals.
3. Staying Hydrated: Given the physical exertion involved in Tawaf and Sa’i, especially in the heat, it is essential to stay hydrated. Pilgrims should drink plenty of water, particularly Zamzam water, which is readily available in the Sacred Mosque.
4. Comfortable Footwear: Although Tawaf and Sa’i are performed barefoot, pilgrims may wear comfortable footwear while walking to and from the mosque. Ensuring comfort during the rituals is vital to prevent fatigue and injury.
5. Avoiding Overcrowded Times: To make the experience more spiritually fulfilling and less stressful, pilgrims should try to perform Tawaf and Sa’i during less crowded times, such as early morning or late at night. This allows for a more serene and focused worship experience.
6. Respecting Others: The pilgrimage brings together Muslims from all over the world, and it is crucial to respect the diversity of the Ummah. Pilgrims should be mindful of others’ space and avoid pushing or shoving, especially during Tawaf.
7. Mindfulness of Health: Pilgrims with health issues should pace themselves, take breaks as needed, and seek medical assistance if necessary. The rituals are physically demanding, and it is essential to prioritize health and safety.

Conclusion

Tawaf and Sa’i are central acts of worship in the Islamic pilgrimages of Hajj and Umrah, rich in historical significance and spiritual depth. Through these rituals, pilgrims retrace the steps of Prophet Ibrahim, his wife Hajar, and their son Ismail, reaffirming their faith and devotion to Allah. The journey of Tawaf and Sa’i is not just a physical act but a profound spiritual experience that brings Muslims closer to their Creator.

By understanding the procedures, significance, and etiquette of Tawaf and Sa’i, pilgrims can perform these rituals with greater awareness and devotion, ensuring that their pilgrimage is a spiritually enriching and transformative experience. May Allah accept the efforts of all those who undertake this blessed journey. Ameen.